No Behaviour Is ‘Really’ Altruistic. Based on Theory and...

Altruism is a subcategory of helping behaviour, and refers to an act that is motivated by the desire to benefit another rather than oneself (Batson Coke, 1981; Berkowitz, 1970, cited in Hogg Vaughan, 2005). The main issue with determining whether a helping act is truly altruistic is one of motivation; if we cannot determine whether an act stems from a desire to benefit others or some kind of ulterior motive, altruism is difficult to demonstrate (Rushton Sorrentino, 1981, cited in Hogg Vaughan, 2005). This essay will firstly discuss the Empathy-Altruism hypothesis, which rejects the claim that no behaviour is ‘really’ altruistic and will go on to discuss opposing theories of egoism such as negative state relief, reciprocity and†¦show more content†¦For example, if we help a drunk on the street because we understand how they feel, the behaviour is altruistic, but if we also imagine how we might feel, the behaviour is not ‘really’ altruistic. It th erefore depends on the perspective of the person offering help, as to whether or not the behaviour is ‘really’ altruistic. The first of the egoistic theories that challenges the altruism notion is Cialdinis negative-state relief model (Cialdini, Baumann, Kenrick, 1981; Cialdini, Darby, Vincent, 1973, cited in Batson et al., 1989). It suggests that individuals who experience empathy when witnessing another persons suffering are in a negative affective state (one of temporary sadness or sorrow) and that these individuals help in order to relieve this negative state. Cialdini argued that his experiments in 1987 supported this egoistic (negative-state relief model) interpretation over a selfless (empathy-altruism model) interpretation of helping behaviour (cited in Batson, 1989). As a counter to this, Batson et al. (1981) argue that if personal gain (e.g. feelings of personal satisfaction or relief) is an unintended by-product and not the goal of the behaviour, then the behaviour is ‘really’ altruistic. Another egoistic theory is one aspect of the social learning theory; from early childhood we

Bushwick Center For Rehabilitation And Healthcare Essay

Bushwick Center for Rehabilitation and Healthcare The Facility The Bushwick Center is a skilled nursing facility (SNF). It is both rehabilitation and nursing facility. Clients typically get occupational and physical therapy services in the facility. Other support services include social services, medical, and dietary/nutrition. Fieldwork Assignment Bushwick Center has a recreational therapy department. I was assigned to that department for my level 1 fieldwork. The activities director together with several recreational therapist staff members runs the department. The main focus of the department is engage clients in meaningful and leisurely activities within their stay. They have daily activities scheduled and spread throughout the week. The activities calendar is updated every month. I was a student volunteer for the department and the scope of our volunteer work was to assist staff members when they have an activity scheduled during the day. Playing movies, listening to different kinds of music, coffee/ tea time, celebrating important events throughout the year are routine activities that they do in the department to help clients engage in social events. The recreation department also gives clients the opportunity to participate in arts and crafts. Majority of the clients in the recreation department pre fers to engage in arts and crafts. Currently, there are no occupational therapy practitioners in the recreation department. This is a really good area to explore

Explanation of various types of fixed price Free Essays

Fixed price contracts have a preset price that the vendor must adhere to in performing the work and in providing materials. There are different types of fixed price contracts. Explain them. We will write a custom essay sample on Explanation of various types of fixed price or any similar topic only for you Order Now [Explanation of various types of fixed price contracts] 2. Direct contracting is another procurement method that is used under a limited number of exceptional circumstances. Explain the conditions for adopting direct contracting, requirements and steps for direct contracting Conditions for adopting direct contracting Requirements for direct contracting and Steps for direct contracting] 3. Write short notes on Cost Plus Fee Contracts. [Explanation of Cost Plus Fee Contracts Features Conditions for adopting Advantages and disadvantages] 4. The methods of selecting a consultant are designed to achieve the objectives of quality, efficiency, fairness and transparency in the selection process and to encourage competition. Discuss any 2 methods of selecting consultants. [Explanation of any 2 of the methods With Where it is appropriate Type of assignments for which this method of selection is adopted] 5. The contract intro process commences right at the beginning stage of bid document preparation inviting contractors to bid, and proceeds through the contract negotiation, contractor selection, monitoring and controlling of the contractor’s work and terminating the contract. Explain the areas that need attention for effective control of the contracts in a project [Core competence of the project manager Requirements of the working system Use of Work Breakdown Structure Recognizing the limitations with flexibility] 6. Explain the need of Procurement law and what are its objectives? [Explain the need of Procurement law List the Objectives] How to cite Explanation of various types of fixed price, Papers

Edward Snowden free essay sample

Edward Snowden is a twenty-nine year old man who betrayed the U. S. government. He is now in hiding in Hong Kong. Edward revealed the mass collection of government eavesdropping. The government was collecting cell phone data. Not only was the National Security Agency collecting data from U. S. citizens, but they were also collecting data from other people around the world. Edward Snowden gained access to the information through his job with the N. S. A. â€Å"After only three months, Snowden began collecting top-secret documents regarding NSA domestic surveillance practices, which he found disturbing†(Edward Snowden. biography). Edward Snowden is a twenty-nine year old man who betrayed the U. S. government. He is now in hiding in Hong Kong. Edward revealed the mass collection of government eavesdropping. The government was collecting cell phone data. Not only was the National Security Agency collecting data from U. S. citizens, but they were also collecting data from other people around the world. Edward Snowden gained access to the information through his job with the N. S. A. â€Å"After only three months, Snowden began collecting top-secret documents regarding NSA domestic surveillance practices, which he found disturbing†(Edward Snowden. biography). There is a large debate over whether or not this act was heroic or that of a traitor. The answer is clear: Edward Snowden did our country a favor. His acts were a great public service. Snowden went on television and leaked secure information that belonged to the N. S. A. The N. S. A. was collecting this information without probable cause. By collecting this information the United States government went against the Fourth Amendment and an oath taken by the employees of the United States government. The government was spying on phone records and emails of people around the world with full knowledge that what they were doing was wrong. Snowden showed us that the government is not always what people think it is. Many people were so quick to say that Snowden was a traitor. The only thing those people were considering when they made this judgment is what was being said on the television or what was being said by the United States government. The N. S. A was created to track terrorists, not to â€Å"routinely collet the phone logs of tens of millions, perhaps hundreds of millions, of Americans, who have no links to terrorism whatsoever† (Cassidy). It seems clear that the N. S. A. was misusing its power. The government should have been busy tracking terrorists and not spying on the citizens of the world. Do they have more important things to do? Snowden did not tell us anything that we did not already know. â€Å"Anyone who has been paying attention to what’s going on in this country already knew that we are, and have been, under surveillance by our government† (Stamper). Although everyone acted shocked when Snowden leaked the information, people already knew what was going on. Some were still shocked, although they were aware of the goings-on. The only thing Snowden did was validate what the people already knew. A congressman and a senator also knew about what Snowden was doing, but believed he was doing the right thing. It is said that what Snowden did endangered people’s lives. He did not put any lives in danger when he leaked this information. The government kept saying that he was endangering the lives of the people of the world, but they would never actually say how he their lives were put in danger. â€Å"The security agencies, the administration, elected officials, and their corporate partners who are calling Snowden’s persecution fall into the latter category, but not one gives a specific example of how lives were endangered† (Stamper). Many people who agree with Stamper say the government has no actual evidence that Snowden endangered people’s lives. The reason that the government is searching for Snowden is because he embarrassed the government by leaking the N. S. A. ’s confidential information. â€Å"It is clear that the reason Snowden is being hunted is because he has embarrassed the administration and the accompanying oligarchy† (Stamper). By leaking this information, he proved that the government was committing a crime. A question that continuously comes up is which of the parties involved actually committed a crime. Did the N. S. A. commit the real crime or did Edward Snowden commit the crime? The Fourth Amendment states: â€Å"The right of the people to be secure in their persons, houses, papers, and effects, against unreasonable searches and seizures, shall not be violated, and no warrants shall issue, but upon probable cause, supported by Oath or affirmation, and particularly describing the place to be searched, and the persons or things to be seized† (www. law. cornell. edu). What the N. S. A. was doing to the American people was against the law. The N. S. A.’s actions were not only illegal and a violation of the Fourth Amendment, but also an oath that they were sworn to as government officials. â€Å"Snowden is a young American whose crime is that he dared challenge the excess of state power. Read the Fourth Amendment to the U. S. Constitution and tell me that Edward Snowden is not a hero in the mold of those who founded the Republic† (Stamper). In conclusion, Edward Sn owden is a hero in the eyes of most citizens. Snowden brought to light what the government was doing to the people of its country and others around the world. What Snowden did is one of the best things that has happened to the citizens of the U. S. in a long time. The government’s actions were wrong, and Snowden was brave enough to expose them. What the government was doing was not fair, and it was an invasion of privacy according to the Fourth Amendment. â€Å"Snowden did what he did because he recognized the N. S. A. ’s surveillance programs for what they are: dangerous, unconstitutional activity. This wholesale invasion of Americans’ and foreign citizens’ privacy does not contribute to our security; it puts in danger the very liberties we’re trying to protect† (Cassidy).