University Students find it Hard to get Jobs after Graduation

For most students, joining a college or university of their choice is the first step towards realizing their career goals. Most college students are optimistic of getting a job in the discipline they have majored in upon graduation. Getting a job is also enough reason for fresh graduates to move away from home and be independent of their parents.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on University Students find it Hard to get Jobs after Graduation specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More This would enable them to start paying their personal bills and university loans, and also to begin saving for retirement. Every year, our universities churn out seas of graduates to a labor market that is shrinking by the day. The sad thing is that most of these institutions of higher learning rarely prepare graduates for the challenges that they encounter after completing their tertiary education. The national outlook of the job market is very bleak. For example, most graduates are already finding it very hard to secure a job interview. This means that getting a job is even harder. Over 2.4 million students were awarded associates and bachelor’s degrees in 2010, and the number was projected to increase in 2011 and 2012 (Rastello para. 4). Not only are these job seekers expected to apply for limited job openings with their fellow classmates, but they shall also have to battle it out with university graduates from past years and laid-off workers as well. Financially strapped retirees are also making a comeback into the job market and they could be a further hindrance to the chances of fresh graduates getting a job. Figures released by the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics (para. 1) show that every job opening attracts a minimum of five job seekers, and the number is projected to increase moving forward. This is because students’ enrolment rates at institutions of higher learning are increasing from one year to the next. Consequently, the number of university students graduating has also increased tremendously from one year to another. However, the number of job openings is not increasing in tandem with an increase in the number of university graduates. If anything, the job market has continued to shrink. According to the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics (para. 1), unemployment rate reduced to 7.8 percent in September 2012, compared with the same period in 2010, when the rate of unemployment was at 9 percent.Advertising Looking for research paper on education? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More This slight improvement in the rate of unemployment has been attributed to increased rate of employment in warehousing and transportation industries, although majority of the main industries have remained unchanged. As such, stiff competition is still expected in the job market. Employers are also keen on hiring recent college graduate, bu t this depends on how the economy behaves, according to a survey conducted by Career Builder (para. 1). Almost one in every four hiring managers is keen on hiring new full-time employees, but they are currently not doing it because they do not know how the economy will behave in the immediate future (Career Builder para. 3). Most fresh graduates are now very confident that they will get a job. However, some of the recent university graduates do not hold this view, and they argue that such confidence could be misplaced. These graduates have seen their brothers, sisters, cousins and friends go for years without getting jobs and as such, their optimism of getting a job has waned over the years. The best shot at employment that they can hope for is getting part-time jobs bartending or waiting tables. The worst thing about being a jobless university graduate in this day and age is that by the time you graduate, you already have a huge student loan debt to settle. In the past, this would not have been a problem because most graduates used to get jobs immediately after graduation and then they would start paying their student loans. However, the hiring situation today is very different from what it was in the past because jobs are hard to come by. On the other hand, even those graduates who are fortunate enough to get jobs will end up earning less than their peers who graduated in the past few years. The National Centre for Education Statistics shows that the individuals who graduated with bachelor’s degrees in the Class of 2010 got an average salary of $ 47,674 representing a decrease of 1.7 % from 2009 (Rastello para. 5). On the basis of these statistics, we could argue that most recent graduates are likely to feel the financial consequences for the reminder of the time that they are gainfully employed.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on University Students find it Hard to get Jobs after Graduation specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More This is because when students graduate from college at a time when the economy is not doing well, this is likely to affect their wages negatively. When the economy is not doing well and the level of unemployment is high, graduates are more inclined to take jobs that are not aligned to their overall careers objectives, or lower-level jobs. Therefore, they end up earning less. Besides the financial ramifications of being jobless, university graduates are also faced with emotional angst as well. While at college, most of these graduates never imagine that upon graduation, they will find it hard to get jobs. Although most university graduates do not expect to get their dream jobs right away, nonetheless, they are optimistic of getting a job that will at least keep them occupied as they search for greener pastures. When such jobs are not forthcoming, some of the graduates get really depressed. Parents too, have been affected by the high rates of unemployment among college graduates. A large number of university graduates opt to move back home upon graduation as they wait to get a job. Besides encroaching on their space, parents have to take care of their sons and daughters upkeep as they go about job hunting. The input of parents may also be required in assisting their children to get jobs. Besides the financial support that parents are expected to give their children who are job hunting, they are offer moral support. As the unemployment bug bites harder, and with full-time jobs proving very hard to come by, most students are deciding to explore alternative routes. Some of them are opting for unpaid internships in the hope that when a job opening emerges, they shall be given the first priority. Other students have been known to relocate to remote areas away from their families and friends. There is also another group of students who are opting to prolong their stay in school. They hope that by the time they graduat e with their second degrees, the economy will have improved. They will also have gained additional academic qualifications, in effect giving them an edge in the job market.Advertising Looking for research paper on education? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The high rate of unemployment has also seen an increasingly larger number of students starting their own businesses instead of waiting to get jobs that may not be available in the first place. This is a commendable step to take because in the end, students end up doing what they enjoy the most, not to mention that as their businesses grow, they will create jobs and help to reduce unemployment. Another creative strategy that is increasingly being embraced by recent college graduates who are searching for jobs is to pick any available jobs, even if the job in question does not fit their respective majors. Besides broadening their search, such a strategy is also effective in the long-run because a student ends up with valuable skills in a field outside what he/she studied in college. Consequently, this increases their chances of getting more job opportunities in future. However, the problem with this approach is that a student ends up getting a job, and not a career. Unless a student f inds passion in this job, then he/she could get frustrated because the job was never a priority in the first place. On the other hand, any job is better than none. Many college graduates have also had to settle for internships with the intention of getting the necessary experience in their field of training. This is yet another creative way to get prospective employers to notice them. Some of the students are fortunate enough to get jobs while others find useful leads that translate into jobs. A few students are also signing a contract with prospective employers at the end of the internship program that the employer will offer them a job upon graduation. Other students are also opting to enroll for technical degrees as they stand a better chance at getting employment, compared with nontechnical degrees. The choice of degree major is slowly emerging as one of the contributing factors, to the high rate of unemployment in the country, besides a bad economy. In fact, most of the student s who graduated in the past few years and are yet to get jobs are regretting for having chosen certain majors and not others after witnessing some of their college mates get jobs a few months after graduating on account of having pursued certain majors that are much sought after in the job market. Beside the reality of the need to chose a marketable degree course, most university students seem to be more aware of the economic realities and the need to be more flexible in the choice of jobs. In spite of all the negative news as regards the issue of unemployment, there are still bright spots for students who are about to graduate. For example, the retailing and accounting industries are hiring college graduates. In addition, students graduating with technical degrees are more likely to get jobs faster than other graduates. They are also more likely to earn more in comparison with their colleagues with other majors. For example, according to the students graduating with computer-relate d degrees enjoy a 5.8% salary increase compared with their peers in other disciplines (Petrecca para. 10). There appears to be no end in sight for unemployed fresh graduate students, who continue with their search for full-time jobs and/or rewarding careers. Perhaps the time has come for our education system to play a leading role in preparing students to cope with the impending danger of being unemployed. Works Cited Career Builder 2011. Hiring Outlook for 2012 Remains Cautiously Optimistic,  CareerBuilder’s Annual Job Forecast Finds. Web. Petrecca, Laura 2010. Toughest test comes after graduation: Getting a job. Web. Rastello, Sandrine 2012. Major matters for U.S college graduates seeking jobs. 2012. Web. U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics 2012. Employment Situation Summary. Web. This research paper on University Students find it Hard to get Jobs after Graduation was written and submitted by user Cali Howell to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Strategic Analysis Of Ozjet Airlines Company Tourism Essay Essays

Strategic Analysis Of Ozjet Airlines Company Tourism Essay Essays Strategic Analysis Of Ozjet Airlines Company Tourism Essay Paper Strategic Analysis Of Ozjet Airlines Company Tourism Essay Paper Airline industry can be treated as one of the largest and turning industries in the universe. With the last few old ages the growing happened in air hose industry was marvelous. It showed a 7 % annual growing in last twosome of old ages about. International concern enlargement increased the demand for air hose manner of travel. The figure of peoples who is making international concern has been increased every bit good. This factor has promoted air hose industry as a whole. Airline industry enhances planetary trade, international investing, touristry and economic development of the state every bit good as the universe. Just like growing in concern going travel to touristry finishs besides shows inclination to turn. Services to leisure finishs have been increasing twelvemonth by twelvemonth. Less cost air hose going is available now which is impacted by cut pharynx competition among air hose companies across universe. Now a twenty-four hours people can more depend on air hose manner of transit for going between little metropoliss and less developed states besides Strategic analysis of Ozjet Airlines Company, Australia. Ozjet Airline Company born in Australia and it started its operation on November 29 in 2005 onwards. The laminitis or male parent of Ozjet Airline Company was a Formula One Millionaire and squad proprietor of Minardi rushing called Paul Stoddart. It started its map by utilizing BAe146 aircrafts by serving between domestic secondary airdromes in Australia. It operated between Sydney-Melbourne air paths by following low cost scheme. Ozjet started its operation with a slogan of geting 10 % market portion in air hose industry of Australia. They put an advertisement word in forepart of the clients called you re in Business . But the state of affairs in the market was really worst. They had cut throat competition from the side of outstanding Australian air hose companies like Qantas, JetStar, Virgin Blue etc. Ozjet felt excessively much battle for prolonging in the market. As a consequence of this killing experience from Australian air hose market, they compelled to denote something in imperativeness nine. In March 2006, the president announced that Ozjet has made about 10 million $ loss within really short span of clip and investors do nt desire to keep their portions further. And so they are traveling to discontinue all their existing services. After this Ozjet became a private charter flight runing with less figure of staffs and smaller fleet by offering flight from Norfolk Island to Sydney and Brisbane for Norfolk air. Environmental analysis: External environment analysis External environmental factors are as its name indicates those factors outside the organisation. These factors provide either assorted chances or menaces to the company. External environmental factors would be beyond the control of the organisation and so concern has to be really acute on analysing those factors. This factor involves factors like economical, political, technological, competition, governmental and assorted planetary issues. A strategian must analyse the external factors and its impact as good. Now allow look into assorted external factors that affected Ozjet Airline Company: PESTLE Analysis: Economic status Economic state of affairs of the state will impact in big measure while explicating assorted schemes of any concern. Each motion would with the path of economic status of the part or state. Equally far as Australian economic system is concerned, they have one of the strongest economic systems of all time in the universe. During the period of 1996-2005 they had the GDP of 3.2 % . The unemployment rate is besides really low rate at 4 % . ( Australian Bureau of Statistics ) . Ozjet Company here got a good solid economic system in Australia. So they can get down their services to hook up with the economic system of Australia. Since they have more concern class of people more concern category services can be make help. Here travellers looking for more premium services instead than any other factors. Demographic Factors Entire clients in the market are divided or grouped on the footing of some properties like age, sex, instruction etc. This is known as demographic alterations of the market topographic point. As far Australian demographic characteristics are concerned it has turning people across. 20 1000000s peoples are at that place in Australia about. One tierce of this population belongs millennian coevals that is coevals Y. Millennial coevals class people should be the right mark for an air hose company at this peculiar scenario in Australia. They can accomplish more market portion by sectioning this class of people. Servicess should be focused on concern class of people as good. This peculiar class of people includes concern professionals aging between 35 and 55. Ozjet start services in Melbourne-Sydney path. In this environment Ozjet has to aline its services and agendas to carry through the demands of metameric class of people. Social and cultural factors Socio-cultural factors of the state depends upon believes and attitudes of the people in the state or a part. Attitudes of the people are of all time altering conformity with the alteration in manner and tendency. Equally far as the modern attitude or civilization of air hose travellers are concerned, they have more concern on environment. Since they all have good consciousness in planetary heating and all they becomes more environment friendly. While taking an option during their travel through flight travellers are more selective today. Today, people particularly youth likes to see more leisure topographic points across the universe. They want more merriment and enjoyment to review their busy and caput breakage concern life. So, services to leisure finishs are really needful and profitable one today. ( Aviation statistics 2004-2005 ) Another most of import tendency sing air travel is that about clip agenda of flights. Peoples are more concerned about their clip and its value. Here Ozjet need to set their services harmonizing to installation of concern people who are the possible clients of the company. ( Jamie Freed, April 16, 2005 ) . Political and legal issues Political factors of the state are really much act uponing a concern for specifying and explicating its schemes. Country s political regulations and ordinances are of all time altering conformity with the alterations in regulation of state and different policies of different parties. In Australia, there is a devolving tendency in political relations. But assorted parties are bring forthing the political regulations in Australia. Assorted internal political alterations happened in Australia and these were rather adequate to impact the air hose industry in Australia. Political factors of Australia affected Ozjet Company every bit good. For illustration, some politicians had welcomed Ozjet for advancing touristry sector of Australia by serving assorted trips to tourist finishs with cheaper rate. But Ozjet faces some jobs from some residential political groups besides. ( John Masunaukas, April 5 2004 ) . Technological factors Technological alterations go oning across the universe is of import external factor to influence concern. Each industry should really lament on engineering to hook up with alterations. Like any other industry air hose sector besides witnessed a batch of technological alterations. Popularity of computing machines and cyberspace which happened late do more convenient to clients for covering their personal businesss sing their travel. A batch of flight package has been developed during last twosome of old ages. Online engagement of tickets for travel make roar impact in air hose field. The most of import advantage of this technological promotion is that cost decrease and efficiency. By following new engineering company can cut down its operating cost and therefore addition market portion through monetary value leading. The fact is that company should concentrate on updating their engineerings. Ozjet Company adopted assorted engineerings for their flight package and online booking system every bit good. Global or international issues Global issues are rather plenty to destruct a concern like air hose industry. Because, air hose concern is one that spread to all over the universe and each company depends on each state every bit good. Here are some illustrations of universe issues that affected air hose industry as a whole. September 11 World trade Centre onslaught by terrorist made a feel problem for travellers across the universe. Tourism sector faced really crisis state of affairs during that clip. The figure of travellers particularly to tourist finishs reduced dramatically. Airline industry faced large problem hare. Many terrorist onslaughts had been happened late across the universe. Iraq war, Kuwait war, Israel-Palestine issues are the illustrations of some planetary issues. Oil monetary value hiking happened late is one of the most poignant issue of air hose industry. The operating cost of an air hose company is really much affected by oil monetary value. This hiking is affected Ozjet more than any other air hose companies because, they had been supplying low cost services to assorted finishs in Australia. So, when the oil monetary value increased, they felt excessively much battle to prolong in industry. Decision Opportunities and menaces of Ozjet: They have got a better demographic environment in the part that would more fiting with an air hose company. They have got advantage of societal and cultural factors of the state. They have got better economic conditions in the state that can run with more smoothly. Ozjet witnessed compliment from the authorities for back uping touristry industry. They have faced some jobs from regional political parties. They had been faced more planetary issues like wars and terrorist onslaughts. Oil monetary value hiking was major menace faced by Ozjet. Ozjet faced cut pharynx competition from assorted companies like Qantas and Virgin Blue. Competitor analysis of Ozjet Equally far as Australian air hose industry is concerned, there have a batch of companies runing every bit good and therefore the degree of competition besides really high. Here we can take a comparative analysis about assorted rivals of Ozjet Company which made tough state of affairs in the market. Qantas Qantas is a benchmarking air hose company born in Australia. They are maintaining certain international criterions across the universe. Ozjet has strong fiscal foundation and maintaining good gross and operating hard currency flows ( Qantas Annual Report 2006 ) . Jetstar Jetstar is one of the late launched Australian companies that achieved 14 % of market portion within really short span of clip. Virgin Blue Virgin Blue is another Australian Company that keeping 30 % of market portion. They started to run in 2000 and serving more than 2,100 flights in a hebdomad. 2005 Qantas Jetstar Virgin Blue Gross $ 12.64 Billion $ 515.6 Million $ 1.76 Billions Exabit $ 1,121.7 Million $ 44.1 Million $ 570.1 Million Net Net income $ 763.6 Million Sodium $ 168.2 Millions Passengers Carried 32,658 Million gt ; 4 Million 10,484 Millions Employees gt ; 38,000 gt ; 1,200 gt ; 4000 Passenger Output 10.64 cents Sodium 10.47 cents Entire Cost per ASK Sodium 8.00 cents 7.66 cents Intangibles Strategy Launched no-frills LCC Jetstar Launch of int. LCC runing in Nov 2006 LCC, but now plans to draw concern riders Analyze through Porter s Five Force Model. Competitive competition Menace of new entryway Dickering power of clients Dickering power of providers Substitute merchandise 1 ) . Menace of New Entrance: New entry in to the market is hard state of affairs for any concern. While new companies come ining competition among companies would raise and it compelled to follow certain schemes. While Ozjet was runing in Australian industry some new air hose companies started its operations as good. Whenever there is better range for concern the possibility of new entryway is more and if the handiness of recognition is sound, companies would thirstily come in in to the market. Both factors are really good in Australia. Airline Company like REX entered market and made menace for Ozjet every bit good. A company which holding nice trade name name and good will can entice the clients even if there have menace from new entryway. 2 ) . Competitive competition: Competition from competitions are chief menace which any concern house traveling face of all time. There would hold batch of houses which bring forthing or serving same class of merchandises. To undertake with competition is chief challenge a concern house traveling to face. Equally far as Australian air hose industry is concerned, the degree of competition is really high. Outstanding air hose companies like Qantas, Jetstar and virgin Blue are set their criterion and trueness in the head of travellers. Ozjet is runing in this sort of tough scenario really. Ozjet has to explicate particular schemes to entice the travellers in Australia. There are a batch of air hose companies in Australia like REX, Air north and SkyWest. 3 ) . Dickering power of purchasers: When there is dickering power from purchasers company would hold to follow assorted schemes like monetary value cutting etc. Since the Australia air hose market is under oligopoly system there is no more bargaining power from purchasers. Because about all companies supplying same sort of services with same cost. More than this Australian travellers belongs more concern class of people they are really loyal to trade name line Qantas, Virgin Blue. So at that place non hold more bargaining power from the side of clients. 4 ) . Dickering power of providers: Smooth supply of stuff is needed any sort of concern. Equally far as air hose company is concerned oil and airdromes are of import supply. Ozjet had been confronting high degree of bargaining of providers. When the oil monetary value hiking happened, it faced a high deficit for oil. Ozjet besides find trouble to acquire airdromes for doing services to assorted parts of the state. It is so happened that handiness of supply is less in this field. ( John Masanaukas, March 9, 2004 ) . 5 ) . Utility merchandise: As Porter explains any merchandise would hold a menace from its replacement sort of merchandises. Like other states, in Australia besides there are replacement for flight such as Trams, Trains, Buses and autos. So Ozjet company confronting menace from this kind of replacement manner of conveyance available in Australia. But the instance is that for travellers like concern professionals, they are non taking any replacement of flights for their regular travel and all these replacements are affected by environmental alterations besides. Presentation1.jpg Internal environment analysis Internal environment involves company s internal facets which are under the control of the house such as clients, providers, aims of the house. Analysis of internal environment involves critically analysing about assorted strength and failings of the company that within the organisation. During the internal analysis of the company direction will come to cognize about the place of company that where we are standing right now. Now allow analyze assorted internal factors affected Ozjet Airline Company: Physical and technological: While talking approximately physical substructure and engineering of Ozjet Airline Company, they have good sort of materials. Very rapidly after its launch in 2005 started to service hired flights. Subsequently in 2008 they began to serve Being 737-300s and 737-400s which are more oil efficient. But that was excessively late to follow new engineering. They had a good Research and Development Department. They have got good office and mill substructure besides. Fiscal Ozjet had good fiscal capablenesss. But they have failed to use these capablenesss even though they have got good fiscal foundation as good. In March 2006, their president announced that Ozjet had made loss of about 10 million $ within this changeable span of clip. For accomplishing fiscal stableness they have sold all their involvement to an Australian cargo operator HeavyLift. In March 2006 they declared to discontinue all bing services. Brand Reputation Customers have more penchant on their loyal trade name. In air hose industry, travellers are taking more reputed trade name for their travel. In Australia more figure of travellers belong concern professionals. So repute of trade name is more of import to entice the travellers. A people study conducted in Australia shows that trade name name of Ozjet itself non giving attract. Brand does non giving a feel of premium merchandise. It is like a discounted flight. So it is clear that trade name repute of Ozjet in Australia is non good. Invention Invention of new thought is a large plus point or a turning point for any company. Before the rivals coming with new engineerings and thoughts we should comes look to follow latest thoughts. Equally far as Ozjet is concerned it developed new engineerings and inventions in the field but they were excessively late to follow these thoughts. Main competitions had adopted all these before they coming to patterns. Online ticket engagement system, flight package are illustrations of new engineerings in air hose field. Human factors Human resources are cardinal component of any organisation. Without holding a nice human squad in pattern, a house can non travel in front. It acts as a nervus system of concern. Human organisation of Ozjet was non bad. But their organized work does non happen any good consequence as much. They had to work like an oiled machine to accomplish the organisational end. Decision: Strengths and Weakness of Ozjet Ozjet had better fiscal background They have got better physical and substructure installations Ozjet received worst advertisement and selling schemes Marketing planning by the direction was really hapless Their trade name name and logo was non conveying a premium message Their invention squad was non much up to day of the month SWOT analysis of Ozjet Airline Company: Strength: Good Financial background. Better human resource. Good Physical installations. Technological improvement. Failing: Bad repute. Bad trade name name. Poor selling planning. Poor selling schemes. Poor client base. Poor clip programming. Opportunities: Better economic status of the state. Better demographic construction suitable for an air hose market. Fair socio-cultural factors of the state. Suitable political state of affairs of the state. Received compliment from authorities for advancing touristry. Technological promotion go oning in company every bit good as in the industry. Menaces: Cut pharynx competition from competitions like Qantas, Virgin Blue. Recent oil monetary value hiking. Attacks by terrorist. Wars and other planetary issues go oning among states. Substitute options available in the state. Dickering power of providers. New entryway to the market like REX. Why Ozjet has failed Australian air hose industry is one with which plagued by monetary value film editing and price reduction participants. There have crumpling client service and satisfaction. Ozjet has failed in Australian air hose industry. It is said that Ozjet started in 2006 and disappeared in 2007. Some of the reasoned behind failure of Ozjet was: Establishing season: The launching of Ozjet was in a pre Christmas season. This season was a holiday season as all the concern class of people traveling for leave. Ozjet had to do service with empty place which is terrific state of affairs for any air hose company. So launching clip of Ozjet becomes a ground for failure. Time Agenda: There were non many services for Ozjet across the state. Actually travellers want frequent travel as they are concern people. They do nt hold patients to burden following four or five hours in airdrome for flights since so many other services are available. Merchandise: Now a twenty-four hours, travellers are keener on the merchandise or service that they are traveling to devour. Flights like Boeing 737-200s was non a merchandise that giving more premium value to travellers. More latest and efficient flights are available now. Stigmatization: Travelers are more trade names loyal today. There have sentiments that the name Ozjet does non given an attractive feeling. And, the logo of the company was besides non good. Customers get a feel of a discounted merchandise. They want more premium merchandise now. Advertising A ; Placement: Advertising scheme of Ozjet was non superb. Ozjet s logo merely looks like skywriting. To entice more travellers from the Australian market, Ozjet had to make category advertisement schemes every bit good. Australia includes more concern travellers every bit good. Ozjet could non specialise on that class of people by following assorted positioning schemes. Lack of trueness strategies: Ozjet did non allowed such going strategies to travellers like frequent circular plans, club sofa etc. they could non do more confederation international bearers. Terminal entree: More than any other factors like invention, R A ; D etc. clients are looking for entire bundle upfront. In short, even Ozjet concern category could non contend with the Qantas domestic economic system category. By the above word merely thing is really clear. Suggestions Ozjet company launch timing was non good. They can do a launch after doing a comprehensive market analysis. They can re launch in market by following new trade name name and logo. They can regenerate their clip agenda by serving more flights. They can follow assorted advertisement and promotional schemes as good. They can do rhenium launching after more inventions and R A ; D. Flights should give more effectivity and certain criterions. Decision Ozjet is an Australian air hose company that launched in 2004 and ceased their operations within two old ages merely. Their failure caused by careful advertisement and placement schemes. Their flights were non more advanced and so they could non execute such an efficiency and criterions. In short, Ozjet s concern categories were non adequate criterions even to contend with Qantas domestic category.

Role of Perception in Decision Making Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Role of Perception in Decision Making - Essay Example It has been found that cultural background indeed helps in shaping the behavior of an individual (Husted and Allen, 2008). Today we are living in the times of globalization and liberalization of economies, which makes it obligatory on the part of the organizations and individuals to work with people from different cultural backgrounds. At times an organization also gets to be known as having particular culture by taking in consideration the working behavior and cultural background of the workforce. Managing a whole lot of diversity forms the key component of the effective management process. Diversity within an organization can also be effectively managed if one can analyze how we form a typical perception about someone. Workplace diversity is stated to have a positive as well as a negative aspect. The diversity on account of gender also influences the behavior of an organization. Thompson's (2000) came out with a detailed study suggesting that men hold more negative views of diversity than women. This view gets strength from an experiment carried out on 2686 workers at an electronics company. This expe riment came out with findings that women of all racial/ethnic backgrounds held more positive perceptions of diversity than Caucasian males (Hostager and Meuse, 2008). ... Well a number of similar studies have also found out that there is no significant difference in ethical perceptions of men and women. But at the same time, it needs to be emphasized that no study has so far indicated that men are more ethical than the women counterparts (Marta et al, 2008). This goes on to show that there's indeed some amount of truth in the fact that women are more ethically perceptive/ sensitive. While managing an organization such factors need to be taken into account for effective management of the organization. What are the positive and negative effects of using perceptive "shortcuts" when judging others Perceptions are supposed to help in the process of making judgments as well. While stuck up in some tricky situation and the manager is entrusted with the task of judging a person, a process, a team or an organization then the perceptive 'shortcuts' come in handy. But, there is also a possibility that making use of such 'perceptive shortcuts' could actually result in a wrongful judgment. Often, collective behavior of a team depends upon the nature of judgments taken by some individuals (Husted and Allen, 2008). The model of Trevino on ethical decision making in business tries to explore the relationship between individualism and collectivism. The key elements of this model are; the perception of a moral problem, moral judgment, and ethical behavior. Some of the positive and negative effects of using perceptive shortcuts can be summarized as; i. Positive effects a. Decision can be taken quickly b. Follow up action is also aided by the perceptive shortcuts c. Process of decision making become easier d. It helps in

Foreign Relations of the US and China 1958-1960 Essay

Foreign Relations of the US and China 1958-1960 - Essay Example During the period of 1958-1960, there were a number of issues of contention between these two nations. Some of critical issues included the Taiwan Strait Crisis, the Tibetan rebellion, the rift between China and Soviet Union as well as the fluctuations between the relationship between the United States and the Chinese nationalists. Therefore, this period saw some incidents of significant between the relationships of the two countries.   Taiwan Strait Crisis During the period 1958-1960, the most important and critical event that took place was the Taiwan Strait Crisis. In this crisis, the government of the mainland attempted to attack the islands of Quemoy which were held by the nationalists, where as the United States supported the government that they recognized, which is the Chinese Nationalists of Taiwan. This increased the tension between both these countries and efforts were carried out to end this crisis (Bush, 2006). The context and the details of the crisis are mentioned be low. During 1958, the Chinese leader Chiang Kai-shek began to express his unrest at the restrictions of the United States that blocked his desired intention to return to the mainland. Chiang wanted to exploit the situation of instability in Taiwan. This had created a level of caution among the United States officials. In July 1958, there was a campaign launched to liberate Beijing and along with that, two nationalist planes were shot down. Chiang Kai-shek had already warned of an attack on Taiwan. This led to anxiety among the US policymakers that the control of airspace over the Taiwan Strait by the communist would result in the cutoff of supplies to the islands held by the Nationalists. As speculated, the forces of People's Republic of China began to attack Quemoy in 1958 with artillery (Carpenter, 2006). The President of the United States, Eisenhower got involved in this matter and agreed to help the ROC as per the terms of the U.S-ROC treaty. They reinforced the naval units to p rotect the lines of supplies leading to Quemoy. The Sidewinder air to air missiles were set up in defense.   The attacks continued and caused a causality of over 2500 soldiers in ROC (Tucker, 2005). The attacks resulted in many US allies getting concerned over the issue. Furthermore, the Premier of the Soviet Union Khrushchev wrote a public letter to the President Eisenhower taking a very aggressive stand of support of the Chinese of Taiwan, saying that any action on PRC would be a direct attack on China. Therefore, the crisis took a three dimensional turn. There was a series of communication between the two leaders of the countries. According to the US intelligence, it was found out that the Soviet Union was not prepared for any attacks and hence, the United States rejected the letter or Khrushchev publicly. There was immense international pressure building up to end the crisis and the President as well as the officials made efforts to convince Chiang Kai-Shek. The government of PRC was not at all ready to involve a third party such as the United Nations. Only in October 1958, the PRC agreed for a de facto cease fire, where the PRC Defense Minister P'eng Te-huai stated that they are ready to declare the cease fire and during this period, there should not be any convoy escorts for the supply. Even though Kai-Shek opposed it, the United States relented to it. Thus, the attack was withdrawn on the days of the Ceasefire. Towards the end

Strategic Communication in Public Relations Essay

Strategic Communication in Public Relations - Essay Example In my opinion, due to the undesirability of 'spam' information, it is becoming increasingly more attention-capturing and persuasive, especially highly-contextual political messages. The author of this essay has recently received an interesting letter, which will put frames of the present paper and be explained in terms of communication strategies. First of all, the letter has quite an attractive title - "NARAL Pro-Choice America CHOICE AND CHANGE". The catchphrase or attention grabber is most helpful in this sense, as the primary task of those who compiled this message is to create the situation, in which the receiver would read at least a title, i.e. the thread should be consistent and informative itself. One more helpful feature of this political agitation message is the presence of an outline at the beginning so that the receiver has an opportunity to take a glance at the brief content. In my opinion, such lengthy messages should be started with a mini 'contents' section. Another technique, applied in the present message is an emphasis on the reader's needs. If the latter decides to open the letter, then he or she necessitates information, has continuous information about 'hunger'. In addition, the message is designed for native American citizens, the majority of whom are to some extent dissatisfied with the performance of the U.S. Congress, and are thus ready to perceive related criticism. "I am as thrilled as you are to think about a Congress that's not in the hands of anti-choice leaders like Dennis Hastert and Rick Santorum. But I know from my days running for office in Montana, we must not let up now. It's not over until all the votes are counted" (the entire letter is presented in 'appendix' section). Furthermore, the political agitation includes explaining to the reader his/her main needs and fears and offering a satisfaction alternative. The writer speaks from the first person and seems to address the message directly to the reader. In order t o confirm the reader's doubts in the overall legal and political balance, the message refers also to the research, conducted by Pro-Choice Group, which suggests that the opponents of 'choice' are in majority, so the major current problem is the lack of legal enforcement and inadequate financial basis for the realization of national will. The argument in the letter is built skillfully, as the author draws an imaginary 'conditional' picture (in the best PR-traditions) 'What will happen if[Anti-Choice-Groups come to power' (or visualization): anti-choice candidates are depicted as those who slow down democratization of American society. In this sense, I can outline two main strategic communication techniques: first of all, the establishment of villain's (or, more precisely, the enemy's) image, who should possess those treats which would appeal to the reader's self-consciousness, financial interest or ethical concerns (women's choice is a brilliant example in this case). Secondly, the world under the villain's rule will necessarily turn into a complete mess and, as the enemy is not competent enough and has the biased approach to the problems, which must be solved according to liberal democratic principles. The trick within the latter technique is an exaggeration, i.e. the problem is overblown and turned into a real disas ter. In fact, as changingminds.org content writer holds (2006), people need strong emotion-inducing arguments, such as the possibility of war, ecological catastrophe or economic depression – only in this case the reader would perceive and interpret the spam e-mail message seriously.  Ã‚  

Theories of Motivation for Conflict Management

Theories of Motivation for Conflict Management CONFLICT MANAGEMENT 1.1 Introduction of conflict management Conflict management is a practice that we can use to identify and handle conflict sensibly, fairly and efficiently. Since conflict are always happen anyway, anytime, and anyplace. So it is very important that there are people who understand conflict and know how to solve them. This is important in today’s market more than ever. Everyone want to have a good place, good situasion that doesn’t have any negative conflict to make them feel more comfortable to work. But when we listen to someone talk about conflict management, our first idea and the meaning comes to our mind is problem in organization. Conflict is a natural part of life. Because everyone face their own conflict. Conflict is very hard to avoid when we work with other because people will always have different viewpoints and perception toward something. The way to handle the conflict determines whether it works and give advantages or disadvantages. It is very hard and really difficult for people to build a strong team or group. If we are facing the conflict, we can choose to ignore it, complain about it, blame someone for it, or try to deal with it through hints and suggestions, or we can be direct, find out what is going on, and try to reach a resolution through negotiation or compromise. We have to solve the negative conflict and increase the positive conflict , we have to plan everything in other to dealt with this conflict so it is not too easy to get pulled into the argument and create any larger mess. Actually that is depend how team member going to cooperate with each other, what type of resolution they want to choose. This all about their choice whether they want to move on or just give up with it. Conflict is not always a bad thing, though. Healthy and positive conflict is a result of working or team the cooperate well with each other to finish the task that be given. Conflict always happen because of differences between people that often make various teams more effective than those with similar experience. When people with a differ viewpoints, experiences, skills, ideas and opinions are given a task, a project or challenge, then the combination of the effort can be more effective than any group of similar individual could achieve. So, team members must be open to these differences and never let them rise and become a negative conflict. Understanding and appreciating the differences of the viewpoints that involved in conflict are major reason in its resolution. A team member have to develop this skill in order to maintain a positive conflict. According to Kenneth W. Thomas and Ralph H. Kilmann there are five conflict styles we can follow when the conflict happened and how to resolve to prevent the conflict or make it worse. These five styles are accommodating, avoiding, collaborating, competing, compromising. Well, a accommodating person is someone that having high capable to cooperate with their worker. This may be what he want or it opposing with hat he desired and cannot achieve his goal. This will be more effective when the other person recommend it to have better solution. An avoiding of the issue is the better way for person to avoid the conflict. But this styles will not help the team or the person to achieve their goal. But it can help the work become better or hen the person has no chance of winning. The collaborating is the situation where the leader and the member will cooperate together and make their dream come true. A great collaborating between them maybe help them to gain more benefit. It can be effective using in complex situation. Then the competing, competing is a situation where the leader and member having different opinion and compete with each other to achieve their goal. The person will act himself without getting any agreement from others, this only happen when emergency time or last minute task. Last, compromising,for this situation whether the leader or the members can achieves what they want. This can be a moderate level of cooperation. In this situation, they maybe need an other solution to achieve equally of their important goal. 1.2 Scenario of conflict management in group During our group assignment we face a lot of conflict. The most of all, the interpersonal conflict arise in our group. This occurs because we have different view about what should be done. This is because of personality different in group found that it is very difficult to cooperate with each other. Saying about personality different, I realize that each of the group member has their own personality, such as quiet person, it is very difficult to deal with this type of person because it is hard to make them give full attention and cooperation in doing the task, they being silence and less giving idea, they was like avoiding from the task. Not helping other to finish the task well.. Some of the group member, also have a stubborn personality, even very bossy, this make our discussion become difficult because this type of person keep rejecting the idea from others. Apart from that, we also have different perception. Each of us comes from different background, we have different experience and also different education level. This differences cause each of us have our own ideas and way of solving our problem during the task. Different background, our group came from different background because we all mixed together, international and local student. It is very difficult to have a conversation amongs us, because we have different slang. Some of the group member have their experience in doing this kind of assignment while other not. So this make this assignment become difficult to solve when we have different ideas based on the experience we have. About educational level, some of group member very good in academic while some differ, this make the lower one feel discourage and shy to give an idea , this situation become a competing, they will act themselves without getting any agreement from other. this make our group lack of idea and suggestion duri ng the discussion doing the assignment. Not only that, each of group member has conflict within themselves which more known to intrapersonal conflict. This make one individual difficult to give full cooperation in doing our task. For example, a person in group found that it is very difficult to come early for the group meeting discussion because they have their problem. They know they should come early but they refuse to come because of the conflict within themselves. Some have personal problem like they don’t like one of the group member, this make them feel hesitate to come for meeting. They feel it is very hard to face each other. This make group discussion very difficult to do. While doing the task, we found a lot of difficulties. However, we able to manage and put everything in order. Based on the basic type of conflict, I found out that our group member face the goal conflict, this happen when our group member set their goal and it is imcompatible with each other. Everyone is set their own goal based on their own desire. So make each group arguing to each other to satisfy their desires and to achieve their goal. Besides that, this group also face the affective conflict, I can say this because some of my group member getting angry with other member, this occur when someone in the group did not give full cooperation and not serious with the task that been given, this cause some of member really angry among themselves. Conflict Resolution How we managed and resolved our conflict by conflict handling intention. These five type, competing, collaborating, avoiding, accommodating and compromising really happen during the group discussion. Competing, each of our group member have their own goal for the task, they have a desires to pursue their personal concern without thinking of other. They participate very eagerly and doing their best to make sure the work done fast, they don’t consider about others and don’t want to accept other opinion. This make the group leader have to set out the the best idea and force the member to vote which idea and suggestion is the best. Collaborating, group member try to work well with other to have full satisfaction of the task. Group member try to accept and try to think the idea and suggestion together, list down the idea and suggestion and agree with it easily. Avoiding, group member try to avoid the conflict to make thing better. They start to ignore and not giving full attention on the task. They just simply run away from the difficulty. Then group leader asking the member to listen first, then talk, speak out the. Try to keep the peo ple and problem separately. Accommodating, when the member seeks to satisfy their own interests but neglect it because they concern about others. This make us have to come by paying attention to the important interests that being presented. And last compromising, a group member willing to give up something. They make sure that their good relationships are the first priority and always keep the task in order. when the conflict arise, we use three types of way to prevent the conflict, the first types is trust and communication, this is the greatest way, we can prevent the conflict if the group member are trusting each other, my member tend to be more honest and being open communication among our self, the leader encourage the member being open in communication so that we all can understand each other more than before. Second , goal structure, goal should be clearly defined and the role plus the contribution of each other must clearly identified, so the leader have made the clear job, task and goal for each one of the member , so they are aware of their task and try to achieve their own goal and task. Third, by ignoring the conflict, sometimes it is good to just ignore the problem. From leader viewpoint, it is not worth the time to get involve and try solve it, if the problem is too much and we cannot find the solution, so we just try to ignore it and move on to other part. Motivation introduction of motivation Motivation is used in the workforce not just to attract individuals that organization but to keep them there. One definition of motivation ‘has to do with a set of independent or dependent variables relationship that explain the direction, amplitude, and persistence of an individual’s behaviour, holding constant the effects of amplitude, skills, and understanding of the task, and the constraints operating in the environment. As example, every member of the group must cooperates in generate the idea to make sure that the assignment that is given by lecture can be finished successfully Motivation results from the interaction of both conscious and unconscious factors such as the intensity of desire or need, incentive or reward value of the goal, and expectations of the individual and of his and her peers. These factors are the reasons one has for behaving a certain way.. 2.2 Theories of Motivation Cognitive Evaluation Theory This theory suggests that there are actually two motivation systems, Intrinsic and Extrinsic that form to two kinds of motivators that are intrinsic and extrinsic motivators. Intrinsic motivators can be as achievement, responsibility and competence, that come from the actual performance of the task or job the intrinsic interest of the work. Other than that, the kind of extrinsic motivator such as pay, promotion, feedback, working conditions and also things that come from a persons environment, and controlled by others. One or the other of these may be a more powerful motivator for a given members. Intrinsically motivated members perform for their own achievement and satisfaction. If they come to believe that they are doing some job because of the pay or the working conditions or some other extrinsic reason, they begin to lose motivation. The belief is that the presence of powerful extrinsic motivators can actually reduce a persons intrinsic motivation, particularly if the extrinsic motivators are perceived by the person to be controlled by people. In other words, a leader who is always dangling this reward or that stick will turn off the intrinsically motivated member. Acquired Needs Theory ( mcclellan) For this theory, some needs as a result of life experiences such as need for achievement, accomplish something difficult. For example, in a group need to do things for themselves to make sure their work done and perfect. Beside that, in a group need for affiliation, from close personal relationships to make rewarded for making friends. Other than that, we also need power and control other. This is able and get what they through controlling others. Expectancy Theory (Vroom) This theory bring together many of the elements of previous theories. It is the combination of the perceptual aspects of equity theory with the behavioral aspects of the other theories. Basically, it comes down to this equation: M = E*I*V Motivation = Expectancy * Instrumentality * Valence Motivation is the amount a person will be motivated by the situation they find themselves in. It is a function of the following. Expectancy is which the group of the persons perception that effort will result in performance. In other words, in the group the persons assessment of the degree to which effort actually correlates with performance. For instrumentality can be perception of the group that performance will be rewarded or punished. The group’s assessment of how well the amount of reward correlates with the quality of performance. Valence also can perceive strength of the reward or punishment that will result from the performance of the group. If the reward is small, the motivation will be small, even if expectancy and instrumentality are both perfect. 2.3 Types of motivation and scenario: Motivation is the drive or urge that stimulate one’s desires and energy in people to be continually interested and committed to a job or a task that is given to them in order to attain a goal. There are two different types of motivation that we can use while progressing to finish our task. That is, Positive Motivation and Negative Motivation. Positive Motivation is the type of motivation that can become our inspired, the drive is put on the member in order to increase the urge. For example, we can give any praise and credit for group member work. As a group leader, she or he should praising group members that are contributing the matter in group. This will encourage them to do more than that. From that, all group member been inspired to give more alternative. Next, all group member should showing their interest in the welfare of other group, This will encourage them to contribute and cooperate, they will feel they are considered important. Negative Motivation is the type of motivation, that trigour fear in group members mind. By using this method, our work will done by persuaded negatively instead their own willingness. For example, we can threat group member. Group leader can threat non cooperative members not to be included on the attendance if they keep skipping meetings. Second, group leader will use their power as a leader to influence members to do their assigned jobs by setting rules to those that don’t do their work will not be included in the final product. 2.4 how to subordinates (job satisfaction/ non-cash incentive) For job satisfaction, there many aspect of this, but all is depending on how each individual feels how this job satisfaction is important. Our goal is to understand the job satisfaction, or how please someone is with their job and sense of achievement they get from doing it. Well, reward and job satisfaction make us to think about causes for job satisfaction is rewarded to a person while doing their job. From our group assignment, we think about the reward that we will get as a prestige we get for doing a job. For example, we are thinking how the contribution that we give fully in doing the task and feel satisfy with the work and the whole contribution that be pour out. After all the contribution have been given, we will hope for the best result for the task. So this can be a job satisfaction. Jod satisfaction in performance, the relationship between and satisfied a person is with their performance. Giving a good performance sure will give you more satisfaction, so the leader will give an appraisal to boost up the confident level inside the each member . so by this, everyone in the group will being motivated and willing to contribute more on the task. Besides that, non- cash incentive being part of the motivation for the group member, we have to noted that with non-cash incentive reward, each person will doing their job more better , and they get more attracted and hold more to their interest, getting them more excited about the possibilities, and motivating them to act in a way that meets task objective. The non-cash incentive that we do in our group is, after finish the task, we will have a simple and small party. The leader find the best time to gather the group member and having some fun after the task done. This will make them more relaxing and feel excited. References Analytictech.com,(2015).Motivation.[online]Availableat:http://www.analytictech.com/mb021/motivation.htm[Accessed 14 Jan. 2015]. Cherry,K.(2015).WhatIsMotivation?.[online]About.comEducation.Available:http://psychology.about.com/od/mindex/g/motivation-definition.htm[Accessed 14 Jan. 2015] EducationPortal,(2015).WhatIsConflictManagement?Defination,StylesStrategiesEducaionPor[online]Availableat:http//educationportal.com/academy/lesson/whatisconflictmanagementdefination-styles-strategies.htm1 [Accessed 14 Jan 2015]. Wright.edu,(2015).ConflictManagement:StyleandStrategy.[online]Availableat:http://www.wright.edu/~scott.williams/LeaderLetter/conflict.htm [Accessed 14 Jan. 2015].

journeyhod Journey Motif in Heart of Darkness and Jasmine Essay

Journey Motif in Heart of Darkness and Jasmine  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚      In Joseph Conrad's Heart of Darkness and Bharati Mukherjee's Jasmine, the physical journey represents the setting for the psychological journey that both main characters undergo. Each stage of the journey is correlated to an emotional insight, and the implications are great enough to incur a change in the protagonists' lives. Through the discovery of distant lands and foreign ideas, Marlow and Jasmine are prompted to look internally to find the answers to their questions. Their struggles are personal, and they are driven by different guiding forces, yet both experience a greater sense of self-awareness by the end of their journey. Initially, Marlow and Jasmine embark on physical journeys involving movement over water. Marlow's fascination with the Congo River drives him to set out in search of the unknown, to fulfill his longing to explore the "blank spaces" of the map (Conrad 5). Marlow first crosses the English Channel to Brussels, a city that elicits an image of a "whited sepulcher" (7), which serves as an omen of the events that are about to unfold. The city, and the operation of the trading company, appear on the surface to be benevolent, but hidden at the very core are darkness and corruption. Jasmine's journey begins under quite different circumstances. She also crosses the ocean in search of a new and mysterious land, but for a very unique reason. Leaving Jyoti behind, Jasmine travels a long and indirect route to Florida where she intends to throw herself onto a funeral pyre in the custom of a traditional Indian widow. The further from home Marlow and Jasmine travel, the more alienated they feel from the world and the people around them. Viewing the coas... ...e face in life. Both novels address influences that guide us through our spiritual lives, and how they potentially affect our decisions and choices. Marlow does not reach this understanding until he leaves a place of modernity and travels "back to the earliest beginnings of the world" (30), returning to Europe at the end of his journey a changed man. Conversely, Jasmine is able to progress emotionally and achieve personal fulfillment once she leaves the antiquated society of India for the United States. The ambiguity of Heart of Darkness and Jasmine accurately reflects the fluid and unpredictable nature of our own existence, and the adversity we must surmount in our journey through life. Works Cited Conrad, Joseph. Heart of Darkness. 1902. New York: Dover Publications Inc., 1990. Mukherjee, Bharati. Jasmine. 1989. New York: Ballantine Books, 1991.